Stardrive 2 the master of orion9/21/2023 ![]() where the idea was to expand cells of a given patient in vitro prior seeding them into a synthetic or natural scaffold followed by the implantation of this cellularized scaffold back to the patient. The first concepts of tissue engineering (TE) were proposed by Langer et al. ![]() Finally, in vivo outcomes are highlighted comparing the accordance between in vitro and in vivo results in order to tackle the future translational challenges in tissue repair and regeneration. Furthermore, scaffold parameters which modulate cell behavior are identified under distinct aspects: the architecture of inert scaffolds (i.e., pore and interconnection size, porosity, mechanical properties, etc.) alone on cell functions followed by comparison with bioactive scaffolds to grasp the most relevant features driving tissue regeneration. Herein, an overview of the materials employed to generate porous scaffolds as well as the various techniques that are used to process them is supplied. All these features can be exploited synergistically to tailor the cell–material interactions, and further, the tissue growth within the voids of the scaffold. ![]() Such three-dimensional systems offer many degrees of freedom to modulate cell activity, ranging from the chemistry of the structure and the architectural properties such as the porosity, the pore, and interconnection size. ![]() Porous scaffolds have been employed for decades in the biomedical field where researchers have been seeking to produce an environment which could approach one of the extracellular matrixes supporting cells in natural tissues. ![]()
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